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Death on Thunder Road It was well past midnight when the peasants finished piling up fragrant tobacco leaves, more than 450 kilograms of them stacked three meters high on the back of a rented truck. Edward Cody Wednesday, December 07, 2005 It was well past midnight when the peasants finished piling up fragrant tobacco leaves, more than 450 kilograms of them stacked three meters high on the back of a rented truck. In the still darkness, they pulled slowly out of Shangdeng village, Hunan province, bumped along a dirt road for a few kilometers and then, the engine whining, turned onto the paved highway and picked up speed. The smugglers had about US$750 (HK$5,850) worth of the prized tobacco that peasants in the southern province call their "golden leaves." They were on their way to a predawn rendezvous with underground buyers, who would pay a 30 percent premium to get their hands on tobacco outside the official monopoly that is strictly enforced by the mainland government. The peasants, who cultivate the soft slopes 320km south of Changsha, the provincial capital, were not making the run down China's Thunder Road for the first time. Tobacco smuggling has become a tradition here. But in the early morning of August 30, it went quickly and tragically wrong. Someone - a spy, villagers said - had tipped off the local anti-smuggling squad. About 20 policemen and Communist Party and government officials from nearby Yantang town lay in ambush only a couple of kilometers down the highway. According to an official account, the bootleg tobacco was seized according to law. But in the process, the account acknowledged, two of the smugglers, Deng Jianlan, 33, and Deng Silong, 38, ended up dead, their badly damaged bodies left beside the road. Local officials described the deaths as a pair of freak accidents. But the villagers said they were convinced the two men were killed deliberately by members of the anti-smuggling squad who were carrying iron bars. Outraged by the news, relatives, friends and fellow smugglers gathered shortly after dawn in front of Yantang city hall, demanding an explanation from municipal authorities with jurisdiction over local villages. The building was padlocked tight and nobody came out to face the crowd, recalled Deng Suilong, 54, Deng Silong's older brother. The number of protesters swelled quickly to several hundred, he said, which meant that most of the men from among Shangdeng's 1,000 residents were on hand and angry. Their rage growing, the peasants broke down the door to city hall and burst inside. They rushed up to the main offices on the second floor, and some began sacking everything in sight. When Yantang Communist Party secretary Liu Tangxiong showed up with several other officials to try and calm the mob, a local official said, the peasants knocked his front teeth out and continued their rampage unhindered. The violence in Yantang, although small in scale, was part of what officials say is a growing trend of assaults against police, officials and government property. The Public Security Ministry says more than 1,800 policemen were attacked in the first six months of this year, sharply up from previous years. Much of the damage to cars or buildings, and injuries to police and officials, occurred during riots and violent disturbances that have broken out in towns and villages across China with increasing frequency. The ministry estimates that 74,000 such incidents erupted in 2004, involving 3.76 million people. The unrest has become a major concern for the government of President Hu Jintao and Premier Wen Jiabao. Most of the uprisings have exploded in reaction to economic complaints, such as land confiscations or pollution, as China evolves swiftly but unevenly under the impetus of market reforms. But the disturbances also have revealed a growing sense of disillusionment with local Communist Party administrations, suggesting a politically significant break in trust between those who govern China's towns and villages and those they govern. As the truck started down the darkened highway at 1.30 that morning, three migrant workers and Shangdeng's own Deng Xizai were jammed into the front cab, the farmers said. In the rear, sitting atop a dark green tarp covering the tobacco leaves, were Deng Jianlan and Deng Silong. Although they shared the surname Deng, the three villagers were only vaguely related. A fourth villager rode ahead on a motorcycle, scouting for trouble. In the dark, he sputtered right by the ambush, however, and the officials sprang their trap as planned, halting the truck only a few minutes after it started down the highway. Deng Xizai and the three migrant workers were dragged from the cab, the farmers recounted. The hired hands were allowed to go their way, they said, but Deng Xizai was stuffed into a small government car, one of four that were lying in wait for the bootleggers. Deng Xizai offered to pay a fine, the farmers said, in what they described as the usual way Yantang officials and the farmers settled things when smugglers were caught in the act. But this time, things were different. Farmers said Deng Xizai and the motorcycle lookout later told them that the anti-smuggling squad carried iron bars as weapons and that officials refused to discuss a fine. Instead, they kept Deng Xizai in custody and assigned a Yantang township driver to get behind the wheel of the truck and drive it to the local tobacco monopoly office. The officials did not know that Deng Jianlan and Deng Silong were still atop the load of tobacco, huddling under the tarp and unseen in the predawn darkness. An unusual pair of accidents happened next, a statement issued by local officials said, so unusual that peasants said the official version defies credulity. First, the statement said, Deng Jianlan jumped off the moving truck, but fell under the wheels and was crushed to death. Then, it went on, Deng Silong leapt from the truck about 3.2km down the road as it pulled into a toll station, also falling under the wheels. He was seriously injured and died soon afterward, according to the official statement. "It was so dark outside that [the driver] did not notice at all," it added. By that time, the motorcycle lookout, Deng Guoping, had started calling farmers on his mobile phone, alerting them to the confiscation and beginning to describe what he had seen. Relying on his account and another by Deng Xiazai, who was in one of the official cars, the farmers said the two dead villagers in fact were victims of a beating administered by the anti-smuggling squad. For unexplained reasons, the truck on which they were riding pulled over to the side of the road for about 20 minutes soon after the township driver got behind the wheel, they said, during which time anti-smuggling police apparently killed Deng Jianlan and Deng Silong. "We believe that's when it happened," said Deng Suilong, Deng Silong's brother. The bodies were then dumped by the roadside at two different spots and officials concocted the story about how both men were crushed under the wheels as a cover-up, they alleged. Deng Anlong, 49, another of Deng Silong's brothers and a member of the current elected village council, said Deng Guoping came to his house about 4am with the news, and the two immediately went to investigate. They found Deng Jianlan by the side of the road with the top of his head "all gone," he said, and his body covered by wounds that seemed to them to be the result of a beating. Moreover, only a tiny pool of blood lay under the body, Deng Anlong recounted, suggesting it had been put there after bleeding out. Deng Silong was discovered a short time later as the official cars pulled up alongside the truck at the toll station. Liu, the party secretary, was startled when he caught sight of the mortally injured farmer, according to what Deng Xizai told his fellow villagers later. "My God, something awful has happened," Deng Xizai quoted him as saying. The afternoon after their rampage at Yantang city hall, Shangdeng's peasants were confronted with a sight they said they had never seen. Several trucks bounced in along the dirt road, they said, carrying two dozen policemen and local officials wearing camouflage uniforms and carrying shields and riot batons. The officials said their mission was to guarantee stability and investigate who had ransacked the town hall, the farmers recalled. But more than 200 peasants came from their houses and surrounded the authorities, the farmers said. The police stood in a line for a few hours before remounting the trucks and bouncing back down the road. Following that attempt, Yantang sent civilian officials to the village to persuade the peasants to give up their allegations of wrongdoing in the interests of stability. At the same time, the two dead men's families were paid compensation, US$21,250 for Deng Silong's family and US$22,500 for Deng Jianlan's. But law enforcement was not the only reason Yantang's party and government leaders were waiting that night, the peasants said. Deng Suilong, Deng Silong's older brother, was a particularly active elected vice mayor of the village from the year 2000 until this spring, they said, improving the dirt road leading in from the highway and taking the lead on other improvements. In the process, Deng Qiu, the former member of the elected village council, said, he refused to abide by the practice of paying bribes to Yantang officials to get their approval for funding the projects. That, he said, earned him their enmity. Although Deng Qiu said he was again elected vice mayor, Yantang authorities ruled the vote invalid and annulled the results. At the meeting where the decision was announced, he recalled, his friend Deng Silong stood up and shouted insults at the party and government officials from Yantang. "So that's why they were gunning for him when he was smuggling tobacco that night," Deng Qiu said. THE WASHINGTON POST
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